Since you’ve done some good initial troubleshooting, another thing to try is checking the Windows Update log for any error codes that might give more insight. You can view the log by opening Event Viewer (type eventvwr in the Run dialog) and navigating to Windows Logs > System. Look for any errors related to Windows Update.
If you find any error codes, you can look them up online for more specific troubleshooting steps. Additionally, consider performing a clean boot to rule out any software conflicts that might be causing the issue. To do this, press Win + R, type msconfig, go to the Services tab, check “Hide all Microsoft services,” and click “Disable all.” Then, restart your computer and try the update process again.
If all else fails, you might want to download the latest update manually from the Microsoft Update Catalog and install it that way.